Information about colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer is a common name for cancers of the colon and rectum. In Finland, colorectal cancer is the second most common cancer in women and men, with over 4,000 people diagnosed with it each year. Colorectal cancer is now increasingly found in people under the age of 50

Facts and research data

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in Finland. It ranks near the top for cancer-related deaths in both men and women. The risk of developing the disease increases with age, and it is most frequently diagnosed in individuals over 60–70 years old. However, in recent years, the incidence has also been observed to increase among people under the age of 50.

Colorectal cancer usually develops slowly. The cancer often begins as a benign polyp, which can transform into cancer over several years. When detected early, colorectal cancer is often highly treatable.

Symptoms

In its early stages, colorectal cancer is frequently asymptomatic. For this reason, participating in screening is crucial. Symptoms can also be vague at first, which is why prolonged symptoms must always be investigated. Symptoms of colorectal cancer include:

  • changes in bowel habits

  • blood in the stool

  • unexplained abdominal pain or a constant feeling of needing to empty the bowels

  • prolonged fatigue or anemia

  • unexplained weight loss

  • pencil-thin stools, which may indicate an obstruction in the intestine

If symptoms persist, it is important to seek medical evaluation.

Screening in Finland

Finland has a nationwide colorectal cancer screening program in place. Its goal is to detect precancerous lesions or cancer at the earliest possible stage—often before symptoms even appear. The screening utilizes the FIT (fecal immunochemical test) to check for hidden blood in the stool. The test is completed at home and sent to a laboratory for analysis.

Screening is an important way to improve the early detection and treatment outcomes of colorectal cancer.

Examination and treatment

The primary treatment for colorectal cancer is typically surgery. Depending on the situation, treatment may also include radiation therapy and medical therapies, such as chemotherapy. The treatment plan is tailored individually based on the stage of the disease and the patient’s overall health. If the cancer is widely metastasized at the time of diagnosis, the patient often does not benefit from surgical treatment. In such cases, the focus shifts to systemic cancer therapies or palliative care, depending on what is possible.

Risk factors and prevention

Many factors influence the development of colorectal cancer. Some of these can be modified through lifestyle choices. Well-known risk factors include:

  • smoking

  • heavy alcohol consumption

  • a lack of physical activity

  • being overweight

  • a high intake of red meat and processed meat products

A diet rich in vegetables, fruits, and fiber, combined with regular exercise, can help reduce the risk.